Getting Everything to Talk to Everything Else

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Episode 10: Fiber Optic Closure Specs Explained…

Food for Thought from Our 2022 ICT Visionaries

The inevitably of Moore’s Law continues to drive massive computing power and intelligence down to each of our billions of devices around the world. The guts or brains of the device are getting smaller, cheaper, smarter, and more powerful, each year. What happens in a world of smart devices? They learn how to carry-on conversations — not just with their owners, and not just with data centers — but among themselves.

How is this cacophony of intelligence going to rise above the babble of signal to noise?

Through the work of wireless standards.

Let’s step back and think of it for a moment. 5G’s staggering impact will drive a dizzying array of groundbreaking digital services over the next decade, but will require a major shift in network infrastructure and technology. At the end of 2019, there were around 5 million 5G subscriptions, but that number is expected to increase to 1.9 billion by 2024, according to data from Ovum. At the same time, the 1 billion current IoT connections are expected to increase to over 4 billion. (See Figure 1.)

Figure 1.

That’s a lot of devices. But what’s even more staggering is the number of conversations or data streams that will be created as they talk to each other: orders of magnitude more. Wireless standards must be in place to allow devices to interoperate and talk with everything else.

Two of these standards form the backbone of conversations between the majority of today’s modern devices:
• Fourth Generation "Long-Term Evolution" (4G LTE)
• Fifth Generation "New Radio" (5G NR).

The visionaries, scientists, researchers and engineers at the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) created LTE and 5G specifications by establishing a stable platform and framework that continue to revolutionize the wireless industry. Their work has been critical to ensuring everything is able to talk to everything else. Each new round of 3GPP specifications has been issued as a release, sort of a package "standards update" of new technical capabilities and features.

So, is this just all talk?

Well, yes, in a way. It is wireless communications, after all! If you’re an English speaker, think of 5G NR as Modern English while LTE is Old English. In any language, there are developments that help to explain concepts and things better. Languages evolve over time, so do radio access technologies.

Modern language is fully adapted to the demands of today’s environment, and is ever-changing, but elements of old language still get used with great frequency — that’s exactly how 5G NR and LTE work. LTE continues to evolve with new advanced features, even as the new innovative language of 5G NR gets built.

As for 4G LTE and 5G NR, the current specifications are described in Release 15, which was finalized in June 2018; Release 16 targeted for March 2020; while Release 17 will be 3GPP’s focus in 2020 and 2021 with a target finalization in July 2021. (See Figure 2.)

Figure 2. 3GPP’s Release Timeline for 4G LTE and 5G

4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

LTE is today’s de facto global mobile wireless standard. Its initial specification was finalized in Release 8 in December 2008, and continued to be enhanced with new capabilities like additional spectrum flexibility, multi-antenna improvements, spectrum aggregation, increased efficiency, increased support for densification with small cells and heterogenous deployments, as well as new use cases.

More recently, LTE is seeing additional improvements:
• Release 16 included additional new enhancements for LTE-MTC (a low-power wide area technology), NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT), Download Multi-In Multi-Out (DL MIMO) efficiency, mobility, performance in high-speed scenarios, and 5G terrestrial broadcasts.

• Release 17 standards activities for LTE will likely be relatively limited due to the growing maturity of the LTE radio-access technology.

5G New Radio (NR)

However, 5G NR is ready to take the stage. It is the next-generation unified global wireless standard, due to having a more capable wireless air interface delivering significantly faster and more responsive mobile broadband experiences and redefining a multitude of new industries.

NR’s specifications are built to be flexible enough to handle a wide array of different devices, spectrum, and situations. Initial specifications were finalized in December 2018 and greatly expand the range of spectrum that can be used: from below 1 GHz up to 52.6 GHz. It also significantly reduces latency, or network lag time, compared to LTE. 5G NR employs much more efficient transmission for greater energy savings, as well as introduces the possibility of simultaneous connectivity between LTE and NR, as well as spectrum bands.

More recently, NR improvements include:
• Release 16 improves the capacity and operation of existing features into new industry verticals such as transport industry, industrial IoT, manufacturing, enterprise, automobile (V2X), etc. It also features enhanced capacity and improvement of operation efficiency, including: MIMO enhancements, Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB), Cross Link Interference/Remote Interference Management, User Equipment (UE) Power Savings, Mobility Enhancements, Multiple Radio Access Technology (Multi-RAT) dual connectivity and Carrier Aggregation (CA) enhancements, Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), NR Unlicensed spectrum capabilities, NR Positioning, and 2-Step Random Access Channel (RACH).

• Release 17 includes even more capabilities, including: NR Beyond 52.6 GHz spectrum, more Dynamic Spectrum Sharing improvements, Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) Enhancements, NR-Light (Reduced Capability NR devices), Small Data Enhancements, more V2X Enhancements and General Sidelink Communication, NR Broadcast and Multicast, and Multi-Sim.

New Architectures

With all the changes happening on the ground with improvements to the technologies interfacing the Radio Access Network (RAN), there are changes needed in how that information is processed. New system architectures will need to be devised and new network features added.

With 3GPP Release 16 and 17, the 5G core network is designed to be modular with network slicing and service-based architecture.

• Release 16 includes enhancements like Service Based Architecture, improving flexible deployments of Session Management Control Function (SMF) and User Plane Function (UPF), support for commercial services using location-based service architecture, enhancements to UE capability signaling, RAN Self-Organizing Networks, and Dual Connectivity and Carrier Aggregation improvements.

• Release 17 includes some system enhancements and support for new services for asset tracking, audio-visual service production, communication service requirements for critical medical applications, service requirements on enhancements for cyberphysical control applications in vertical domains, multimedia priority services (phase 2), Support for Multi-SIM Devices, enhanced relays for energy efficiency and extensive coverage, and others.

Fortunately, the smart folks at 3GPP have thought out how to get this evolution to occur. Through technologies like EPC-5GC Tight Interworking, Dynamic Spectrum Sharing, and NR Carrier Aggregation, they’ve created technological roadmaps to ensure the path back to the data center is sound.

5G NR Will Simplify Network Architecture 

As 5G NR continues its ascent, I look forward to the very near future when all the world’s devices can speak a common language, and be able to deliver the vast quantities of human knowledge to every man, woman, child — and thing — in the world. We are truly at the dawn of a great age. How exciting to be part of the age of intelligent machines being smartly connected!